Ahmad al-Ghazi †. The Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538 to 1560) were a period of conflict during the Ottoman-Portuguese confrontations and series of armed military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along with regional allies in and along the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea .December 06, 2019. • 5 min read. Known as one of history’s most powerful empires, the Ottoman Empire grew from a Turkish stronghold in Anatolia into a vast state that at its …Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern yellow ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)The General Assembly [3] ( Ottoman Turkish: مجلس عمومی, romanized : Meclis-i Umûmî; French romanization: "Medjliss Oumoumi" or Genel Parlamento; French: Assemblée Générale) was the first attempt at representative democracy by the imperial government of the Ottoman Empire. Also known as the Ottoman Parliament ( French: Parlement ... Maribo Rawhide Tan 19" Storage Ottoman. $299. Candra Oak Bench. $749. Browse Contemporary, Mid Century & Modern Storage Benches + Ottomans from Article ... Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern brown ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)The Ottoman Empire began in what is now Turkey in about 1300. Eventually, it grew to cover much of the Middle East, southeastern Europe, and North Africa. During the 1400s and 1500s the Ottoman Empire was one of the world's great powers. In the 1900s the remains of the empire became the Republic of Turkey.Annual bibliography of Turkish and Ottoman studies since 1975; includes articles, books and book reviews. Unlike many indexes, TA includes citations for works in all languages, including Turkish and Arabic. The printed edition of TA is arranged by subject and then by historical period; ...Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern round ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)Annual bibliography of Turkish and Ottoman studies since 1975; includes articles, books and book reviews. Unlike many indexes, TA includes citations for works in all languages, including Turkish and Arabic. The printed edition of TA is arranged by subject and then by historical period; ...The caliphate of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: خلافت مقامى, romanized: hilâfet makamı, lit. 'office of the caliphate') was the claim of the heads of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty to be the caliphs of Islam in the late medieval and early modern era.During the period of Ottoman expansion, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by sultan ...The Ottoman expedition to Aceh started from around 1565 when the Ottoman Empire endeavoured to support the Aceh Sultanate in its fight against the Portuguese Empire in Malacca. [1] [2] The expedition followed an envoy sent by the Acehnese Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahhar (1539–71) to Suleiman the Magnificent in 1564, and possibly as …Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | ... Tufted Black Leather Ottomans. Tufted Chairs. Tufted Velvet Ottomans. Tv Cabinets. Tv Stands With Storage. Twin Sleeper Sofas. U. Unupholstered Dining Chairs.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Ahmad al-Ghazi †. The Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538 to 1560) were a period of conflict during the Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations and series of armed military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along with regional allies in and along the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea .The Ottoman Empire was a bicameral system, with a lower house, the popularly elected Chamber of Deputies, and an upper house, the Senate, whose members were appointed by the Sultan.. Collectively, both chambers were known as the General Assembly. After the 31 March Incident in 1909, the constitution was amended to delegate the popularly elected ...The Ottoman Turks ( Turkish: Osmanlı Türkleri) were a Turkic ethnic group. Originally from Central Asia, they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the Ottoman Empire, in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the entirety of the six centuries that it existed. Their descendants are the present-day Turkish people ...The Ottoman Empire began in what is now Turkey in about 1300. Eventually, it grew to cover much of the Middle East, southeastern Europe, and North Africa. During the 1400s and 1500s the Ottoman Empire was one of the world’s great powers. In the 1900s the remains of the empire became the Republic of Turkey.Article Timpani Ottoman - Article. Buy second hand Article Timpani Ottoman in Gently Used condition with 52% OFF on Kaiyo. Used Article Ottomans are on sale on Kaiyo with great discounts. Spend $1,099+ & Get Free Delivery* → Sell Sell an Item. Brands Top Brands. CB2. Crate & Barrel. Design Within Reach ...Bet Yaakov Synagogue was built in 1878 at the Kuzguncuk district of Istanbul. By the time the Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 14th and 15th centuries, there had been Jewish communities established …Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern orange ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern blue leather ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)Leigh Silver Ivory Reversible Sectional. $2999. Beta Cypress Green Left Conversational Sectional. $4799. Leigh 92" Modular Sofa - Silver Ivory. $1599. Sanna Magnet Green Right Arm Modular Sofa. $2099. Leigh Silver Ivory Corner Sectional.Shop the Timpani furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with ottomans & decor.Dec 1, 2022 · The Ottoman Empire was the last of the great empires that had dominated the Middle East and Mediterranean since the dawn of the history of civilisation. The Ottoman Empire began around 1300 as a ... Sefto Saltwater Blue Ottoman. $599. Maribo Ivory Bouclé 32" Storage Ottoman. $299. Cigar Rawhide Tan Ottoman. $899. Tablet Charme Black Square Ottoman. $1199. Burrard Forest Green Ottoman.Hira Natural Ivory 30" Pouf. $299. Redondo Light Gray Indoor/Outdoor Pouf. $149. Cilo Charme Tan Ottoman. $249. Pica Ivory Bouclé Ottoman. $199. Gorso Pouf.Credit: Alamy. The Ottoman Scientific Heritage Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (trans. Maryam Patton) Al-Furqān (2023) Empires have long used science and engineering to power their expansion and survival ...Cori 39" Wide Round Storage Ottoman. $295 - $420 $570 - $610. ( 14) Free 2-Day Delivery. Shop AllModern for modern and contemporary Ottomans + Poufs to match your style and budget. Enjoy Free Shipping on most stuff, even big stuff. In Stock. Sven Oxford Black Bench. $699. Timber Charme Black Ottoman. $549. Sven Oxford Black Ottoman. $599. Otio Black Leather Walnut Ottoman. $299. Abisko Quartz White Ottoman. $399. Abisko Quartz White King Bed. $1299. Abisko Quartz White Lounge Chair. $699. Abisko Plush Yarrow Gold Right Sectional. $1799. The Ottoman Empire was founded. From its small bridgehead in Anatolia, Osman and his son Orhan (1288-1362) began expanding their lands northwest into Byzantine Empire territory and east into the rest of Anatolia. By 1481 the Ottoman Empire territory included most of the Balkan Peninsula and all of Anatolia. The culture of the Ottoman Empire evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the Turks absorbed, adapted and modified the various native cultures of conquered lands and their peoples. There was influence from the customs and languages of nearby Islamic societies such as Jordan, Egypt and Palestine, while Persian culture had ...Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern rectangle ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)Ottoman Mİllets in the Early Seventeenth Century1 - Volume 11. 1. The author gratefully acknowledges the financia1 support of the Ford Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities as administered by the Near and Middle East division of the Social Science Research Council, the Office of Research at Ball State University, and the Summer Stipend Division of the National Endownlent ...This round leather ottoman from Article was and still has been the only one I have seen to check every box plus some! It did not take me long to realize the Timpani Ottoman was "the one" for us! I think we ordered the piece within three days. We ordered the ottoman in the Oxford Brown color. Which is a really rich chocolatey brown color.Le 1er novembre 1922, la Grande Assemblée nationale turque abolit la fonction de sultan, portant un coup fatal à l'Empire ottoman déjà moribond, l'une des plus grandes superpuissances connues ... Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, [j] historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, [22] [23] was an imperial realm [k] that spanned much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Like its Roman and Mongol analogues, the primarily land-based, horse-run postal system was a crucial instrument of the Ottoman Empire. Footnote 1 This relay communications infrastructure comprised hundreds of post stations that provided fresh horses, food, water, and a place to rest for circulating couriers who connected Belgrade to Baghdad, Crimea …The Ottoman Empire was named for Osman I (1259-1326), a Turkish Muslim prince in Bithynia who conquered neighbouring regions once held by the Seljūq dynasty and founded his own ruling line c. 1300. Ottoman troops first invaded Europe in 1345, sweeping through the Balkans. Though defeated by Timur in 1402, by 1453 the Ottomans, under Mehmed ...Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern square ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD) Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. Svelti Pure Black Dining Chair. $69. New. Munk Ivory Wool Bouclé White Oak Dining Chair. $299. Showing 47 of 180. See More.The Ottoman dynasty or House of Osman (c. 1280-1922) was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Ottoman family was originally Turkish in its ethnicity, as ...After years of avoiding the topic, the U.S. government now officially views the killing of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire a century ago as genocide. Here's what it means.Urba Slate Gray Sofa. $1299. Callais Taupe Gray Sofa. $1599. Laholm Sea Black Sofa. $1099. Onya Lily White Sofa. $849. Sora Beach Sand Sofa.Dec 6, 2019 · At its height, the Ottoman Empire was a real player in European politics and was home to more Christians than Muslims. But in the 17th century, it began to lose its stronghold. But in the 17th ... Shop the Timpani furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with ottomans & decor. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 ... Filters . Clear filters (0) Availability. In Stock. Timpani Charme Tan Ottoman. $699. New products, sweet savings — straight to your inbox. Keep up with what we're up to. Unsubscribe at any time. ... Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, [j] historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, [22] [23] was an imperial realm [k] that spanned much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. Leigh Silver Ivory Reversible Sectional. $2999. Beta Cypress Green Left Conversational Sectional. $4799. Leigh 92" Modular Sofa - Silver Ivory. $1599. Sanna Magnet Green Right Arm Modular Sofa. $2099. Leigh Silver Ivory Corner Sectional.Maribo Ivory Bouclé 32" Storage Ottoman. $299. New. Kinso Buckler Ivory Right Sectional. $1899. Sven 88" Tufted Sofa - Neptune Blue. $1299. Rhett 84" Sofa - Pepper Ivory. $999. Beta Cypress Green Right Chaise Sectional. ... Browse Contemporary Sofas & Couches from Article. We once lived in a simpler time, when mid century sofas were more about ...Throughout the Ottoman Empire's history, women were dependent on the men in their families for money and social position. This was the case in many medieval societies. Generally, older women or women with children had relatively more power in a household. Women's lives were relatively stable over the centuries.The Ottoman Turks ( Turkish: Osmanlı Türkleri) were a Turkic ethnic group. Originally from Central Asia, they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the Ottoman Empire, in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the entirety of the six centuries that it existed. Their descendants are the present-day Turkish people ...Ottoman architecture is an architectural style or tradition that developed under the Ottoman Empire over a long period, [1] undergoing some significant changes during its history. [2] It first emerged in northwestern Anatolia in the late 13th century [3] and developed from earlier Seljuk Turkish architecture, with influences from Byzantine and ...The kitchen may be where family and guests gather, but the living room is where everyone wants to end up at the end of the night — especially if your living room has a Sanna in it. With its foam-padded support and modern good looks (we're looking at you, french seams), the Sanna modules are so pretty that everyone will surely overlook the whole burnt …Ottoman ideas - 13 beautiful ways to style this practical yet decorative feature. From ottoman placement ideas, to different finishes and styling techniques, we have gathered our favorite ottoman ideas to provide you with some stylish inspiration for this flexible furniture piece. 1. Create an element of contrast.The Ottoman Empire began in what is now Turkey in about 1300. Eventually, it grew to cover much of the Middle East, southeastern Europe, and North Africa. During the 1400s and 1500s the Ottoman Empire was one of the world’s great powers. In the 1900s the remains of the empire became the Republic of Turkey.The Ottoman Turks ( Turkish: Osmanlı Türkleri) were a Turkic ethnic group. Originally from Central Asia, they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the Ottoman Empire, in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the entirety of the six centuries that it existed. Their descendants are the present-day Turkish people ... Daphne Dravite Ivory Sofa. $1499. Santo Charcoal Folding Lounge Chair. $199. Reyes Classic Brown Stackable Dining Armchair. $249. Delph Stripe Blue Indoor/Outdoor Rug 8 x 10. $399. Olara Jacquard Green Indoor/Outdoor Ottoman. $149. Boden Dark Gray Bar Cart. $419. Solina White Terrazzo Wheeled Umbrella Base. $149. Elko Spring Green Indoor/Outdoor Rug 8 x 10. $499. New. Rooth Jacquard Green Indoor/Outdoor Pillow. $69. Bori Small Natural Lantern Set. $199. New. Reya Limestone Cream Large Planter.The Ottoman state integrated existing and emergent elites from European territories into its civil, military and religious hierarchies and large sections of the population converted to Islam, mainly voluntarily or through the periodic devşirme forced levies (Faroqhi, 2004).Relations of difference and the supremacy of Islam were marked by …Cover of the Ottoman constitution of 1876. The Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: قانون أساسي, romanized: Kānûn-ı Esâsî, lit. 'Basic law'; French: Constitution ottomane) was the first and only constitution of the Ottoman Empire. Written by members of the Young Ottomans, particularly Midhat Pasha, during the reign of Sultan Abdul …Modern Ottomans, Accent Stools & Pouf Ottomans. Treat your feet. Whether you want to kick your feet up, keep a serving tray beside the sofa or have extra seating for impromptu parties, poufs and stools are as practical as they are fashionable. Ottomans and poufs are great leg rests and floor seats in the living room or basement.Military conscription in the Ottoman Empire varied in the periods of: . the Classical Army (1451–1606); the Reform Period (1826–1858); the Modern Army (1861–1922); A complex set of rules applied, which involved: A poll-tax (in the very early times) named cizye, originally imposed on non-Muslims as a substitute for military service.; An exemption tax, from …Leather Ottoman's are sort of regal, don't you think? Kingly in their command of a space, upholstered in gorgeous Italian leather, a leather ottoman is a way to say "I have great taste," without having to say it. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD) Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. May 2, 2019 · Ottoman: A Curious Case. We've all been taught that the ottoman, the much coveted upholstered backless seat, received its title from its namesake empire, christened after its founder Osman I (‘Uthman' in Arabic). As per common belief, it was the norm back then for people to prop their feet on stools stacked with cushions at home or in tents. Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.See also the articles by Isa Blumi included in a book entitled Rethinking the Late Ottoman Empire. A Comparative Social and Political History of Albania and Yemen 1878-1918 (Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2003), particularly the article entitled “Understanding the Margins of Albanian History: Communities on the Edges of the Ottoman Empire,” 83-101.In analysing the updated historiography of the Ottoman empire, this article invites political scientists to rethink their assumptions about states and empires in the region. The aim of the article is to clear the intellectual space that is a necessary for future research to generate new enquiries into the politics of the Arab Middle East that ...Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Ottoman miniature of a meddah performing at a coffeehouse Hebron. The "Table of Abraham" (simat al-Khalil) was a custom of pre-Ottoman Hebron to host and feed travelers.According to Nasir Khusraw, any guest to Hebron received a bowl of lentils with olive oil, and a round loaf of bread and raisins.The simat in Hebron, reinstated by the …Military conscription in the Ottoman Empire varied in the periods of: . the Classical Army (1451–1606); the Reform Period (1826–1858); the Modern Army (1861–1922); A complex set of rules applied, which involved: A poll-tax (in the very early times) named cizye, originally imposed on non-Muslims as a substitute for military service.; An exemption tax, from …In analysing the updated historiography of the Ottoman empire, this article invites political scientists to rethink their assumptions about states and empires in the region. The aim of the article is to clear the intellectual space that is a necessary for future research to generate new enquiries into the politics of the Arab Middle East that ...Ottoman defeat in the war inspired an already fervent Turkish nationalism. The postwar settlement, which greatly reduced Ottoman territory, outraged the nationalists. A new government under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, known as Atatürk, emerged at Ankara. The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, fled in 1922 after the sultanate had been abolished.
See all videos for this article. Siege of Vienna, (July 17-September 12, 1683), expedition by the Ottomans against the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Leopold I that resulted in their defeat by a combined force led by John III Sobieski of Poland. The lifting of the siege marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman domination in eastern Europe.. Nuwave infrared pro oven
Shop the Timpani furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with ottomans & decor.Ottoman Turkish ( Ottoman Turkish: لِسانِ عُثمانى, romanized : Lisân-ı Osmânî, Turkish pronunciation: [liˈsaːnɯ osˈmaːniː]; Turkish: Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. Glass Dining Tables. Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern tufted velvet ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! The Ottoman Caliphate, the world's last widely recognized caliphate, was abolished on 3 March 1924 (27 Rajab AH 1342) by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.The process was one of Atatürk's reforms following the replacement of the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey. Abdulmejid II was deposed as the last Ottoman caliph, as was Mustafa Sabri as the last Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām.News about the Ottoman Empire, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.Year Date Event 1402: July 20: Battle of Ankara.Ottomans entered the short-term period of stagnation.The battle is also significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan has been captured in person.: 1402-13: Ottoman Interregnum or Ottoman Civil War. This process Bayezid I 1402 at the Battle of Ankara, Turco-Mongol warlord Tamerlane defeated as a result of falling prisoner appeared.Shop the Nova furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with sofas, sectionals & ottomans. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD) My Account; Home; Nova Collection; Nova Collection. Sort by: Popularity. Nova Collection. Filters . Clear filters (0) Product ...Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Corrupt, decadent, backward, perennially broke and plagued by rebellions, the Ottoman Empire shrank and fell inexorably apart over the course of two centuries before finally disappearing in 1922 ...Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern gray ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ …Armistice of Mudros, (Oct. 30, 1918), pact signed at the port of Mudros, on the Aegean island of Lemnos, between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain (representing the Allied powers) marking the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914-18). Under the terms of the armistice, the OttomansThe Sven Ottoman in Oxford Blue is your new BFF. The tufted topper supports short and long legs alike. Over time, the semi-aniline leather will develop a beautiful vintage patina. Sturdy and adaptable, this tan leather ottoman is a great supporting character in your living space. Natural color variations, wrinkles and creases are part of the unique characteristics of this leather. It will ...The Ottoman Empire began in what is now Turkey in about 1300. Eventually, it grew to cover much of the Middle East, southeastern Europe, and North Africa. During the 1400s and 1500s the Ottoman Empire was one of the world’s great powers. In the 1900s the remains of the empire became the Republic of Turkey.On April 24, we call on the world to remember the genocide of the Armenian people. 109 years ago, during the First World War, Ottoman authorities arrested hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). At the time, the Ottoman Empire was under the control of the relatively new leadership of the Young Turks; a party that had.